Syntax:

Complete the charts of case endings (don’t forget the long marks!)

Declension & gender 1^st m/f 2^nd masculine 2^nd neuter

Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

Locative

Declension & gender 3^rd m/f 3^rd neuter 3^rd m/f i-stem 3^rd n i-stem

Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

Locative

Declension& gender 4^th m/f 4^th neuter 5^th m/f

Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl. Sing. Pl.

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Vocative

Locative

Nominative

Subject

Puella est pulchra.

Subject Complement

Puella est/videtur pulcherrima.

Genitive

With numerals = Partitive

Puer centum rosârum dedit.

Of the whole (partitive)

Puer satis rosârum puellae dat.
Puer nihil rosârum puellae dat.

After superlative adjectives

Cornelia erat pulcherrima omnium puellârum.

Possession

Puella suî rosâs amat.
Puella sororis rosâs amat.

Description

Feles maximae formae est mea.
Puer rosâs maximî pretiî puellae dat.

Dative

Indirect object (with a verb of "giving")

Puer rosâs puellae dat.

After compound verbs (many verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, super

Puer puellae occurrit.

Dativores: After special verbs (e.g. credo, faveo [show favor to], ignosco, impero, noceo, nubo, parco, pareo, persuadeo, placeo, servio, studeo)

Puer puellae favet.

Reference: advantage and disadvantage (in the opinion of, to the benefit/disadvantage of…)

Rosa puellae pulcherrima est.
Rosa puellae pessima est.

Agent with gerundive

Rosae puellae puerô dandae sunt.

Dative with special adjectives (gratus, notus, similis, fidelis, amicus, carus, par: "kind, friendly, dear; pleasing, hostile, near")

Rosae sunt puellae gratae.

Accusative

Direct object

Puer rosâs puellae dat.

Object Complement (renames d.o., main verb is a verb of "calling, saying, naming")

Puella rosas pulcherrimâs appellat.

After certain prepositions: in, propter, post, ad, ante, per, trans, inter, contra, apud, erga

Propter rosâs gaudet puella.

Accusative extent of time

Puer puellam amat noctês atque diês.

Motion towards with towns, cities, small islands, domus, humus, and rus

Rômam eô.

Ablative

After certain prepositions: sine, de, in, sub, e/ex, cum, pro, a/ab

Sine rosîs puella tristis est.

Means: tangible

Puer puellam rosîs delectat.

Manner, esp. with adjective: abstract

Puer puellam veritate delectat.

Accompaniment: cum + person

Cum puellô puer ambulat.

Agent: a/ab + person with Passive verb

Rosae puellae â puerô dantur.

Comparison with comparative adjectives

Puer pulchrior puellâ est.

Description

Feles maximâ formâ est mea.

With numerals

Puer decem ex rosîs puellam dat.

Place where (in, sub)

Puer in forô rosâs puellae dat.

Place from which (ab, de, ex)

Puer puellaque ê forô ambulant.

Separation (ab, de, ex)

Puer puellam â metû liberat.

Time when (word in abl is a unit of time)

Puer rosâs puellae nocte dat.

Time within which (abl word usually plural or collective)

Puer rosâs puellae paucîs horîs dabit.

Ablavores after PUFFV deponents (potior, utor, fruor, fungor, vescor)

Librîs utimur.

Vocative

Direct address

ô Puella, tê amô!

Especially with imperatives or 2^nd person verbs.
"Hey, Jude"

Locative (chapter 37)

Place where for
Towns, cities, small islands, domus, humus, rus
1^st and 2^nd declension locative of singular looks like genitive singular

Romae, Ephesî

all others (including 1^st, 2^nd declension plural) look like Ablative

Athenîs, Carthagine

Domus (domi), humus (humi), rus (ruri or rure)
Wacone vivimus.

Adjectives

1^st/2^nd declension

Dictionary entry in -us/-r, -a, -um
some positive adjectives
all superlative adjectives
all perfect passive participles
all future active participles
all future passive participles (= gerundive)

3^rd declension

dictionary entry often in –is, -e; -ns (ntis)
some positive adjectives
all comparative adjectives
all present active participles

Comparison

Comparative: chapter 26

-ior, -ius
3rd declension

Superlative: chapter 26

-issim-
-llim- (facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis)

facillimus, -a, -um

-errim- (nominative singular positive in –er: pulcher, acer)

pulcherrimus, -a, -um

1st/2nd declension

Irregular comparison (chapter 27)

Positive	Comparative 3^rd declension	Superlative 1^st/2^nd declension
Bonus, -a, -um	Melior, melius	Optimus, a-, -um
Magnus, -a, -um	Maior, maius	Maximus, a-, -um
Malus, -a, -um	Peior, peius	Pessimus, a-, -um
Multus, -a, -um	--- plus	Plurimus, a-, -um
Parvus, -a, -um	Minor, minus	Minimus, a-, -um
superus, -a, -um	Superior, superius	Summus, a-, -um supremus, a-, -um

Pronouns

Ego, nos Iste, ista, istud Qui, quae, quod

Tu, vos Ipse, ipsa, ipsum Quis, quid

Sui, sibi, se Is, ea, id Quisque, quidque

Hic, haec, hoc Idem, eadem, idem Quidam, quaedam, quiddam

Ille, illa, illud

Don’t confuse reflexive and personal adjectives (suus, meus, tuus) with reflexive and personal pronouns (suî, meî, tuî)
Don’t confuse intensive pronouns (ipse) with reflexive pronouns (suî, meî, tuî)

Verbs

Know what is meant by person, number, tense, voice, mood
know how to interpret a verb’s dictionary entry
know which connecting vowel to use with which conjugation
which principal part governs the present, imperfect, and future tenses, active and passive?
which principal part governs the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses ACTIVE?
which principal part governs the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses PASSIVE?
irregular verbs must be memorized separately. Note, these verbs are irregular only in the present tense

Formation and Connecting Vowels

Conjugation	1^st	2^nd	3^rd	3^rd io	4^th
Active infinitive	-âre	-êre	-ere	-ere	-îre
Passive infinitive	-ârî	-êrî	-î	-î	-îrî
Present	-a-	-e-	-i/u-	-i/iu-	-i/iu-
Imperfect	-aba-	-eba-	-eba-	-ieba-	-ieba-
Future	-abi-	-ebi-	-e-	-ie-	-ie
Perf Act	3^rd princ. part + perfect endings
Plup Act	3^rd princ. part + ERA + active personal endings
Fut Perf Act	3^rd princ. part + ERI + active personal endings
Perf Pass	4^th princ. part + sum (present tense)
Plup Pass	4^th princ. part + sum (imperfect tense)
Fut Perf Pass	4^th princ. part + sum (future tense)

Tense:

1^st and 2^nd principal parts Present is/are

Imperfect was/were -ba-

Future will -bi-/-e-/-ie-

3^rd principal part Perfect Active have/has

Pluperfect Active had -era-

Future Perfect Active will have -eri-

4^th principal part Perfect Passive have/has

Pluperfect Passive had

Future Perfect Passive will have

Nota bene: in the perfect passive system, the participle must agree with the subject in

case
number
gender

pater amatus est
mater amata est
flumen amatum est
patres amati sunt
matres amatae sunt
flumina amata sunt

Complete the chart of regular ACTIVE personal endings:

	singular	plural
1^st
2^nd
3^rd

Complete the chart of regular PASSIVE/DEPONENT personal endings:

singular plural

1^st

2^nd

3^rd

Complete the chart of perfect tense ACTIVE personal endings:

singular plural

1^st

2^nd

3^rd

Subjunctive

Formation:

Present: hE hEArs A lIAr frIAr
Imperfect: infinitive + endings
Perfect Active: perfect active stem + eri + endings
Pluperfect Active: Perfect active stem + isse + endings
Perfect Passive: 4^th p.p. + sim, sis, sit…
Pluperfect Passive: 4^th p.p. + essem, esses, esset…

Sequence of Tenses

Sequence	Main Verb	Subjunctive Verb
Primary (present & future tenses)	Present, future, future perfect	Present (same time action) Perfect (dependent clause has already happened)
Secondary (past tenses)	Imperfect, perfect, pluperfect	Imperfect (same time action) Pluperfect (dependent clause has already happened)

Subjunctive Syntax

Independent

Jussive (Let:chapter 28)

Puer puellam amet.

Subordinate

Purpose: chapter 28

Puer rosâs dat [ut puella sê amet].

Result (adeo, ita, sîc, talis, tam, tantus, tot): chapter 29

Puer rosâs tantâs dat [ut puella sê amet].

Indirect Question (main verb asks question; clause marker introduces question: quis/quid, qui, quae, quod, quam quandô, cûr, ubi, unde, uter, utrum … an): chapter 30

Puer rogat [cur puella sê amet].

Cum adversative (although): chapter 31

[Cum puer immemor rosârum sit], puella tamen eum amat.

Cum causal (because) : chapter 31

[Cum puer sibi rosâs det], puella eum amat.

Cum circumstantial (while, at the same time as) : chapter 31

[Cum puella maneat], puer rosâs puellae legit.

Proviso (dummodo: provided that) : chapter 32

[Dummodo puer rosâs sibi det], puella eum amabit.

Conditionals: chapter 33

Simple
Contrary to fact present ("were/would": imperfect subjunctives)

[Si puer puellam amaret] [but he doesn’t, the cad!], gauderet.

Contrary to fact past ("had/would have": pluperfect subjunctives)

[Si puer puellam amavisset], gavisa esset.

Future less vivid ("should-would": present tense subjunctives)

[Si puer rosas puellae det], gaudeat.

Indirect Command – main verb is a verb of commanding in the broadest possible sense (hortor, impero, moneo, oro, persuadeo, peto, quaero, rogo). Clause marker is ut/ne = jussive noun clause: chapter 36

Oro [ut studeas diligenter]

Relative Clauses:

Introduced by relative pronoun (see chapter 17)

agrees with its antecedent in NUMBER
and GENDER
CASE is determined by function in the relative clause

To Translate:

find the relative pronoun
parse the relative pronoun
find its antecedent
translate the main clause up to the antecedent
take the relative pronoun directly after its antecedent
translate the relative pronoun 1^st in its clause
translate the rest of the relative clause

With indicative verb: STATEMENT OF FACT

Cicero est vir [qui patriam amat].
Cicero est vir [quem patria amat].

With subjunctive verb: CHARACTERISTIC: chapter 38

homines sunt [qui patriam ament].
Librî sunt hî [quôs legam].

Fear Clauses: chapter 40

Main verb is a verb of fearing (timeo, vereor, metuo)
The clause markers are backwards

Ne = positive
Ut = negative

Positive fear introduced by ne (what you fear WILL happen but hope won’t) + subjunctive verb
Negative fear introduced by ut non (what you fear WON’T happen but hope will) + subjunctive verb

Gallî timent ne Caesar oppugnet.
Caesar veretur ut senatus sê laudet.
Puer timebat ne pater sê puniret.
Puella metuit ut puer sibi rosâs det.
Magister veritus sum ut discipulî librôs lêgissent.

Verbal Nouns

Infinitives

neuter
singular
Nominative (subject with impersonal verbs)
Accusative (Direct Object = complementary infinitive)

Complementary (amo, audeo, cupio, debeo, delecto, gaudeo, paro, possum, soleo, timeo, volo, malo, nolo)

Puella [rosâs accipere] gaudet.

Accusative/Infinitive construction (doceo, iubeo): teach/order someone in the accusative to do something in the infinitive

Patrês [filiôs rosâs puellîs dâre] docent.

Impersonal (licet, necesse est, opportet, periculum est, taedet).

Necesse est puerô (dat of ref) puellae (IO) rosâs dâre.
Licet puerô puellae rosâs dâre.
Periculum est puerô puellae basia dâre.

Indirect Statement (ait, audio, cerno, cogito, cognosco, comprehendo, credo, demonstro, desidero, dico, disco, doceo, dubito, duco, exspecto, gaudeo, habeo, intellego, lego, memoriâ teneo, moneo, narro, nego, nescio, nuntio, ostendo, peto, pronuntio, puto, quaero, respondeo, rogo, scio, scribo, sentio, spero, video, voco)

Puella credit [puerum rosâs sibi daturum esse].

Gerund

Singular
Neuter
Oblique cases only

Genitive: ornandî
Dative: ornandô
Accusative: ornandum
Ablative: ornandô

Supine

Formed from 4^th principal part

active
4^th declension
neuter
singular

Accusative of purpose

After verbs of motion

Imus victum.
Domum dormitum redit.

Ablative of Quality

after certain adjectives and nouns

Mirabile dictû
Horribile dictû
Facile factû
Rem non modo visû foedam sed etaim auditû
Fas est dictû
Nefas est arbitratû

Verbal Adjectives = Participles

a participle is a verbal adjective
verbal

tense
voice

adjectival

case
number
gender

the noun it modifies is subject of the participle
active participles can take direct objects
participles are modified by adverbs and adverbial phrases

Tense & voice	Stem/Princ. Part	marker	declension	translation
Present Active	2^nd + connecting vowel*	-ns (=Nominative); -nt+ (=oblique cases)	3^rd	***ing
Perfect Passive	4^th		1^st/2^nd	Having been **ed
Future Active	4^th	-ûr+	1^st/2^nd	About to ***
Future Passive = Gerundive	2^nd + connecting vowel*	-nd+	1^st/2^nd	To be ***ed

Participles by Conjugation Group:

Conjugation 1^st 2^nd 3^rd 3^rd io 4^th

Verb Amô videô ducô rapiô sciô translation

Present Active* amans (amantis) videns (videntis) ducens (ducentis) rapiens (rapientis) sciens (scientis) "knowing"

Perfect Passive amatus, amata, amatum visus,
visa,
visum
ductus,
ducta,
ductum
raptus,
rapta,
raptum
scitus,
scita,
scitum
"having been known"

Future Active amatûrus, amatûra, amatûrum visûrus, visûra, visûrum ductûrus, ductûra, ductûrum raptûrus, raptûra, raptûrum scitûrus, scitûra, scitûrum "about to know"

Future Passive* = Gerundive amandus, amanda, amandum videndus, videnda, videndum ducendus, ducenda, ducendum rapiendus, rapienda, rapiendum sciendus, scienda, sciendum "to be known"

Connecting vowel -a- -e- -e- -ie- -ie-

Participial Clauses

Puella puerum rosâs dantem amat.
Puella rosâs â puerô datâs amat.
Puella puerum rosâs datûrum amat.
Puella amanda rosas â puerô accipit.
Puella rosâs amandâs â puerô amat.

Ablatives Absolute

Puerô rosâs dante, puella gaudet.
Rosîs â puerô datîs, puella gaudet.
Puerô rosâs datûrô, puella gaudet.
Rosîs â puerî dandîs, puella gaudet.

Future Passive Periphrastic

Rosae dandae sunt.

Deponent and Semi-deponent Verbs

Deponents (see also chapter 34):

passive in form
active in meaning
translate as active verbs
3 principal parts
they conjugate just like the regular passive verbs
recognize the conjugation group by looking at the infinitive
remember: all forms look passive
except: present and future participles

arbitror, arbitrârî, arbitratus
conor, conârî, conatus
for, fârî, fatus
hortor, hortârî, hortatus
miror, mirârî, miratus
opinor, opinârî, opinatus
peregrinor, peregrinârî, peregrinatus
rusticor, rusticârî, rusticatus
fateor, fatêrî, fassus
veror, verêrî, veritus
loquor, loquî, locutus
nascor, nascî, natus
proficiscor, proficiscî, profectus
queror, querî, questus
sequor, sequî, secutus
utor, utî, usus
egredior, egredî, egressus
morior, morî, mortuus
patior, patî, passus
experior, experîrî, expertus
molior, molîrî, molitus

Semi-Deponents:

active in meaning
three principal parts
active forms for: present, imperfect, future, present infinitive & participle, gerund & gerundive
passive forms for: perfect, pluperfect, future perfect, perfect infinitive & participle

audeo, audêre, ausus
gaudeo, gaudêre, gavisus
soleo, solêre, soiltus

Synopsis	Indicative	Subjunctive	Infinitive	Participles
Present	Audet	audeat	Audere	Audens
Imperfect	Audebat	auderet	**********	**********
Future	Audebit	**********	**********	Ausurus
Perfect	ausus est	Ausus sit	Ausus esse	ausus
Pluperfect	ausus erat	Ausus esset	**********	**********
Future perfect	ausus erit	**********	**********	**********

Some especially tricky words

Cum

Preposition + ABLATIVE = with

Magnâ cum laude

Conjunction + Indicative = when (statement of fact)

Cum domum eô, dormiô.

Conjunction + Subjunctive

Causal = because

Cum domum eam, dormiô.

Circumstantial = while

Cum domum eam, multôs virôs feminâsque videô.

Adversative = although

Cum domô sim, possum nôn dormîre.

+ indicative = when, just as {statement of fact}

domum eô cottidie ut mos meus est

+ subjunctive

purpose: domum eô ut dormiam.
result: domum tam celeriter eô ut cedam.
indirect command: pater materque mihi petunt ut domum redeam.

Look alike stems:

liber, librî, m: book
liberî, liberôrum, m, pl: children
sol, solis, m: sun
soleô, solêre, solitus: be accustomed
solus, sola, solum: alone

âêîôû

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Declension & gender	1^st m/f		2^nd masculine		2^nd neuter
	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
Locative

Declension & gender	3^rd m/f		3^rd neuter		3^rd m/f i-stem		3^rd n i-stem
	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
Locative

Declension& gender	4^th m/f		4^th neuter		5^th m/f
	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.	Sing.	Pl.
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative
Locative

Ego, nos	Iste, ista, istud	Qui, quae, quod
Tu, vos	Ipse, ipsa, ipsum	Quis, quid
Sui, sibi, se	Is, ea, id	Quisque, quidque
Hic, haec, hoc	Idem, eadem, idem	Quidam, quaedam, quiddam
Ille, illa, illud

1^st and 2^nd principal parts	Present	is/are
	Imperfect	was/were	-ba-
	Future	will	-bi-/-e-/-ie-
3^rd principal part	Perfect Active	have/has
	Pluperfect Active	had	-era-
	Future Perfect Active	will have	-eri-
4^th principal part	Perfect Passive	have/has
	Pluperfect Passive	had
	Future Perfect Passive	will have