Perfect Active System
of Latin Verbs
Or: we finally get to use
the 3rd principal part
I:
Four Principal Parts of Latin Verbs:
-
1st singular, present, active, indicative
-
infinitive (gives conjugation group)
-
1st singular, perfect, active, indicative
-
amâvî: I have liked (completed
action)
-
perfect passive participle (verbal adjective)
-
amâtus, -a, -um: having been liked
II: 1st and 2nd
principal parts generate
-
Present
-
Imperfect
-
Future tenses
-
Active and Passive
III: 3rd principal part
generates the PERFECT ACTIVE SYSTEM
-
Perfect
-
Pluperfect
-
Future Perfect
IV: 4th principal part
generates
-
PERFECT PASSIVE SYSTEM (stay tuned
for further details)
V: Determine the stem of the 3rd
principal part
-
by dropping the –î
-
agô, agere, êgî
-
audiô, audîre, audîvî
-
cadô,
cadere, cecidî
-
capiô, capere, cêpî
-
creô, creâre, creâvî
-
culpô, culpâre, culpâvî
-
demonstrô, demonstrâre, demonstrâvî
-
dicô, dicere, dîxî
-
discô, discere, didicî
-
doceô, docêre, docuî
-
dormiô, dormîre, dormîvî
-
ducô, ducere, dûxî
-
faciô, facere, fêcî
-
fugiô, fugere, fûgî
-
gerô, gerere, gessî
-
intellegô, intellegere, intellêxî
-
mittô, mittere, mîsî
-
necô, necâre, necâvî
-
remaneô, remanêre, remânsî
-
scribô, scribere, scrîpsî
-
sentiô, sentîre, sênsî
-
superô, superâre, superâvî
-
tolerô, tolerâre, tolerâvî
-
trahô, trahere, traxî
-
veniô, venîre, vênî
-
videô, vidêre, vîdî
-
vincô, vincere, vîcî
-
vitô, vitâre, vitâvî
-
vivô, vivere, vîxî
VI: to generate the PERFECT Tense
-
add the PERFECT Tense endings to the
3rd principal part stem
| |
singular |
plural |
| 1st |
-î (I
have…) |
-imus (we
have…) |
| 2nd |
-istî
(you have…) |
-istis (ya’ll
have…) |
| 3rd |
-it (he, she,
it has…) |
-êrunt
(they have…) |
VII: to generate the PLUPERFECT
Tense
-
add -era-
-
+ REGULAR personal endings
-
to the 3rd principal part
stem
| |
singular |
plural |
| 1st |
-eram (I had…) |
-erâmus
(we had…) |
| 2nd |
-erâs
(you had…) |
-erâtis
(ya’ll had…) |
| 3rd |
-erat (he,
she, it had…) |
-erant (they
had…) |
VIII: to generate the FUTURE
PERFECT Tense
-
add -eri-
-
+ REGULAR personal endings
-
to the 3rd principal part
stem
| |
singular |
plural |
| 1st |
-erô
(I will have…) |
-erimus (we
will have…) |
| 2nd |
-eris (you
will have…) |
-eritis (ya’ll
will have…) |
| 3rd |
-erit (he,
she, it will have…) |
-erint
(they will have…) |
IX: The Perfect Tense
-
Translate "subject have/has
***ed "
-
Indicates completed action (snapshot)
-
Callisto per silvâs ambulâbat
cum subito ursam vîdit
X: The Pluperfect Tense
-
Translate "subject had ***ed"
-
Indicates actions completed before another
past action
-
Caesar civitatês, quâs
iam vîderat, oppugnâbat.
-
Litterâs mîsistî,
quâs iam scripsêras.
XI: The Future Perfect Tense
-
Translate "subject will have
***ed"
-
Indicates an act which occurs before
another future event
-
Cum Caesar Galliam vîcerit,
ad Romam veniet.
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