Passive Verbs: Perfect
System
All conjugations
I: Dictionary entries of verbs
-
1st principal part: 1st singular, present,
active, indicative
-
2nd principal part: infinitive (gives
conjugation group)
-
amâre:
to like
-
3rd principal part: 1st singular, perfect,
active, indicative
-
amâvî:
I have liked (completed action)
-
4th principal part: perfect passive participle
(verbal adjective)
-
amâtus,
-a, -um: having been liked
II: VERB NOTES:
1. if a verb has FOUR principal parts (amô,
amâre, amâvî, amâtus): it is transitive
-
transitive verbs take direct objects
-
transitive verbs can be passive
2. if a verb has THREE principal parts (pareô,
parêre, paruî): it is intransitive
-
intransitive verbs do not take direct objects
-
intransitive verbs cannot be passive
-
intransitive verbs frequently pattern with object
in the DATIVE case
3. if a verb's FOURTH principal part looks like a FUTURE
ACTIVE PARTICIPLE (cadô, cadere, cecidî,
casurus)
-
the intransitive rules apply
III. Perfect Passive = 4th
principal part + present tense of "esse"
-
"subject has/have been (verb)ed"
| |
singular |
plural |
| 1st |
amâtus,
-a, -um sum |
amâtî,
-ae, -a sumus |
| 2nd |
amâtus,
-a, -um es |
amâtî,
-ae, -a estis |
| 3rd |
amâtus,
-a, -um est |
amâtî,
-ae, -a sunt |
IV. Pluperfect Passive = 4th
principal part + imperfect tense of "esse"
-
"subject had been (verb)ed"
| |
singular |
plural |
| 1st |
amâtus,
-a, -um eram |
amâtî,
-ae, -a eramus |
| 2nd |
amâtus,
-a, -um eras |
amâtî,
-ae, -a eratis |
| 3rd |
amâtus,
-a, -um erat |
amâtî,
-ae, -a erant |
V. Future Perfect Passive =
4th principal part + future tense of "esse"
-
"subject will have been (verb)ed"
| |
singular |
plural |
| 1st |
amâtus,
-a, -um ero |
amâtî,
-ae, -a erimus |
| 2nd |
amâtus,
-a, -um eris |
amâtî,
-ae, -a eritis |
| 3rd |
amâtus,
-a, -um erit |
amâtî,
-ae, -a erunt |
VI: Note:
-
the perfect passive participle
is an adjective
-
which must agree with the noun
it modifies in case, number, and gender.
-
When the perfect passive participle
functions as part of a perfect passive verb,
-
the participle actually modifies
the subject.
-
Compare:
| gender & number of subject |
Latin |
English |
| masculine, sing. |
amâtus
est |
he has been loved |
| feminine, sing. |
amâta
est |
she has been loved |
| neuter, sing. |
amâtum
est |
it has been loved |
| masculine, plural |
amâtî
sunt |
they have been loved |
| feminine, plural |
amâtae
sunt |
they have been loved |
| Neuter, plural |
amâta
sunt |
they have been loved |
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