I: Formation
 
 

Perfect Tense	Active		Passive
	Perfect active stem + ERI + regular endings		Perfect Passive stem (appropriately manipulated) + present subjunctive of "sum"
person	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st	amâverim	amâverimus	Amâtus sim	Amâtî sîmus
2nd	amâveris	amâveritis	Amâtus sîs	Amâtî sîtis
3rd	amâverit	amâverint	Amâtus sit	Amâtî sint

 
 
 

Pluperfect Tense	Active		Passive
	Perfect active infinitive + regular endings		Perfect Passive stem (appropriately manipulated) + imperfect subjunctive of "sum"
person	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st	amâvissem	amâvissemus	Amâtus essem	Amâtî essemus
2nd	amâvisses	amâvissetis	Amâtus esses	Amâtî essetis
3rd	amâvisset	amâvissent	Amâtus esset	Amâtî essent

Sequence of Tenses:
 

Sequence	Main Verb	Subjunctive Verb
Primary (present & future tenses)	Present, future	Present (same time action) Perfect (dependent clause has already happened)
Secondary (past tenses)	Imperfect, perfect, pluperfect	Imperfect (same time action) Pluperfect (dependent clause has already happened)

Syntax:
Independent Subjunctive

• Jussive "let …"

• Purpose Clause [ut/ne + subjunctive]
• Result Clause [ut/ut nôn + subjunctive] {indicator: adeo, ita, sîc, talis, tam, tantus, tot }
• Indirect Question
• In the MAIN CLAUSE, look for a verb that asks a question (in the broadest sense); then look for a MARKER which ordinarily introduces a question (?): quis/quid, qui, quae, quod, quam, quandô, cûr, ubi, unde, uter, utrum … an...
• Lesbia rogat cûr Catullus se amet.
• Populi romanî  scient quandô Caesar Rômam veniat.
• Catullus scit quis librôs lêgerit.
• Cicero dubitabat utrum Caesar ê Galliâ discederet.