Tense	Active	Passive
Present	Pres. Stem + connecting vowel* + active endings	Pres. Stem + connecting vowel* + passive endings
Imperfect	2nd p.p. + active endings	2nd p.p. + passive endings
Perfect	3rd. p.p. stem + eri + active endings	4th p.p. + pres. Subj. of "sim, sis…"
Pluperfect	Perfect active infinitive + active endings	4th p.p. + imperf. Subj. of "essem, esses…"

 
 

Conjugation	pres. indicative	imp. indic; fut indic, PAP, FPP	pres. subjunctive
1st –âre	-a-	-a-	-e-
2nd –êre	-e-	-e-	-ea-
3rd –ere	-i/u-	-e-	-a-
3rd io –ere	-i/iu-	-ie-	-ia-
4th -îre	-i/iu-	-ie-	-ia-

 
 

Tense	Active	Passive
Present	dormiat	dormiatur
Imperfect	dormiret	dormiretur
Perfect	dormiverit	Dormitus sit
Pluperfect	dormivisset	Dormitus esset

 
 
 

Sequence of Tenses	Main Verb	Subjunctive Verb
Primary (present & future tenses)	Present, future, future perfect	Present (same time action) Perfect (dependent clause has already happened)
Secondary (past tenses)	Imperfect, perfect, pluperfect	Imperfect (same time action) Pluperfect (dependent clause has already happened)

 

Indicative
 
 

Tense	active		passive
Present	singular	plural	singular	plural
1st	fero	ferimus	feror	ferimur
2nd	fers	fertis	ferris	ferimini
3rd	fert	ferunt	fertur	feruntur
fero is irregular ONLY in the present tense indicative; it follows the 3rd conjugation paradigm for imperfect and future it follows the normal formula for the perfect system
Imperfect	ferebat	ferebant	ferebatur	ferebantur
Future	feret	ferent	feretur	ferentur
Perfect	Tulit	Tulerunt	Latus est	Latî sunt
Pluperfect	Tulerat	Tulerant	Latus erat	Latî erant
Future perfect	tulerit	tulerint	Latus erit	Latî erunt

Subjunctive
 
 

	active		passive
Tense	3rd s	3rd pl	3rd s	3rd pl
Present	ferat	ferant	feratur	ferantur
Imperfect	ferret	ferrent	ferretur	ferrentur
Perfect	Tulerit	Tulerint	Latus sit	Latî sint
Pluperfect	Tulisset	Tulissent	Latus esset	Latî essent

Participles
 
 

Tense	active	passive
Present	Ferens (ferentis)	xxxxxxx
Perfect	xxxxxxx	Latus
Future	laturus	ferendus

Infinitives
 
 

Tense	active	passive
Present	ferre	ferrî
Perfect	Tulisse	Latus esse
Future	Laturus esse	Latum îrî

Syntax:
Independent Subjunctive

• Jussive "let …"

• Purpose Clause [ut/ne + subjunctive]
• Result Clause [ut/ut nôn + subjunctive] {indicator: adeo, ita, sîc, talis, tam, tantus, tot }
• Indirect Question {Main verb = ? verb; clause marker = ? marker: quis/quid, qui, quae, quod, quam quandô, cûr, ubi, unde, uter, utrum … an }
• Cum Clauses:
• Cum + preposition: next word will be ABLATIVE: with…
• Caesar ad Britanniam cum militibus vênit.
• Cum temporal [with indicative verb]: when…
• cum temporal clauses date or define the time at which the action of the main verb occurs
• look for a temporal adverb in the main clause: e.g., tum
• [Cum Caesar Britanniam vîdit,] tum vîcit.
• Cum circumstantial [with subjunctive verb]: while…
• indicates the circumstances under which an action occurs
• Cum Caesar Britanniam vicisset, Brutus eum amâbat.
• Cum Causal [with subjunctive verb]: since…
• According to context
• look for an adverb such as quippe or praesertim in the main clause
• Cum â Caesare Britannia victa esset, populî Rômânî eum praesertim laudâbant.
• Cum Adversative [with subjunctive verb]: although…
• According to context
• Look for an adverb such as tamen in the main clause
• Cum Caesar multôs virôs necâverit, populî Rômânî tamen eum adhuc amant.