Gerundive

• Future passive participle
• Verbal adjective
• Agrees with noun it modifies in
• Case
• Number
• Gender
• Three genders
• masculine
• feminine
• neuter
• Two numbers
• singular
• plural
• All cases
• Nominative
• Genitive
• Dative
• Accusative
• Ablative
• Vocative
• Locative

• Verbal noun
• Singular
• Neuter
• Oblique cases only
• Genitive: ornandî
• Dative: ornandô
• Accusative: ornandum
• Ablative: ornandô

• Studium librôs legendî discipulôs delectat.
• Studium librôrum legendôrum discipulôs delectat.
• Discipulî librîs legendîs delectantur.
• Discipulî librôs legendô delectantur.
• Galliam vincendô Caesar dignitatem quaerit.
• Gallia vincenda Caesarî dignitatem offert.
• Segnities (laziness) bonîs artibus studendô nocet.
• Segnities (laziness) bonîs artibus studendîs nocet.
• Senatus populusque Românî Caesarem parendum sequuntur.

 
 
 

Tense & voice	Stem/Princ. Part	marker	declension	translation
Present Active	2nd + connecting vowel*	-ns (=Nominative);  -nt+ (=oblique cases)	3rd	***ing
Perfect Passive	4th		1st/2nd	Having been **ed
Future Active	4th	-ûr+	1st/2nd	About to ***
Future Passive	2nd + connecting vowel*	-nd+	1st/2nd	To be ***ed

Participles by Conjugation Group:
 

Conjugation	1st	2nd	3rd	3rd io	4th
Verb	Amo	video	duco	rapio	scio	translation
Present Active*	amans (amantis)	videns (videntis)	ducens (ducentis)	rapiens (rapientis)	sciens (scientis)	"knowing"
Perfect Passive	amatus, amata, amatum	visus,  visa,  visum	ductus,  ducta,  ductum	raptus,  rapta,  raptum	scitus,  scita,  scitum	"having been known"
Future Active	amaturus, amatura, amaturum	visurus, visura, visurum	ducturus, ductura, ducturum	rapturus, raptura, rapturum	sciturus, scitura, sciturum	"about to know"
Future Passive*	amandus, amanda, amandum	videndus, videnda, videndum	ducendus, ducenda, ducendum	rapiendus, rapienda, rapiendum	sciendus, scienda, sciendum	"to be known"
Connecting vowel	-a-	-e-	-e-	-ie-	-ie-

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